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A package is a collection of closely related class files. All files in the Counters package must be stored in a directory named Counters.$Counter Root ClassAbstract class can not be used to instantiate objects contains methods that must be implemented in subclasses Public scope clients know about CountersH_ _ " j jInstance variables initialCount theCount Methods constructors count() reset() setCount(int) int getCount()H::P% Instance Variablesabstract public class Counter{ protected int theCount; private int initialCount; Subclasses will contain these variables can directly access theCount can not directly access initialCount Clients have no knowledge of theseZ2(B#2(B#P)  >  # ConstructorsNeed to specify an initial counter value protected Counter(int initialCount) {theCount = this.initialCount = initialCount;} Default constructor protected Counter() { this(0); } //indirecting calll)$/ )$/ b;  : Methodspublic int getCount() { return theCount; } protected void setCount(int setTo) { theCount = setTo; } public void reset() { setCount(initialValue); } abstract public void count();~##     #A Limited Counter ClassA counter with built-in counting limit abstract class LimitedCounter extends Counter { protected int limitValue; protected LimitedCounter(int initialValue, int limit) { super(initialValue); limitValue=limit; } public boolean isAtLimit() { return theCount==limitValue; }dXP+!XP+!6     LimitedCounter is Abstract There is still no implementation for count() should we count up or count down? what should we count by? 1, 2, ... what happens if count() called at limit? exception rollover ignore6-n-nReal Simple CountersUpCounter, DownCounter public subclasses of Counter public class UpCounter extends Counter{ public UpCounter(int initialValue) { super(initialValue); } public void count() { theCount++; }~(#(#~  *    Real Limited CountersLimitedUp, LimitedDown public class LimitedDown extends LimitedCounter { public LimitedDown(int initial, int lowLim) {super(initial, lowLimlimitValue) theCount--; }ZI,1(I,1(       %   Real Rollover CountersRollover, RollUnder public class Rollover extends LimitedCounter { public Rollover(int initial, int hiLim) {super(initial, hiLim>initial?hiLim:initial);} public void count() { if theCount I/ LimitedUpSkip Counter7public class LimitedUpSkip extends LimitedUp{ private int skipValue; public LimitedUpSkip () {this(0,20,5); } // end default constructor public LimitedUpSkip ( int initial, int max, int skip ) {super( initial, max ); skipValue=skip>0?skip:1;} public void count() { for (int i=1; i<=skipValue; i++) super.count()./,82/./,82/    7   , 1UpSetCounter Class public class UpSetCounter extends UpCounter { public void setCount(int newCount) { super.setCount(newCount); } This exposes setCount as public, making it available to clients setCount was defined in Counter access has been relaxed to publicZ.#@B.#@B      * 95UpDownCounter ClassNot part of Counters package public class UpDownCounter extends Counters.UpCounter { public UpDownCounter(int initialValue) { super(initialValue); } //fails if package scope in UpCounter public void unCount() { theCount--; } //fails if package scope }xU'?)U'?))     !3The Counter Hierarchy/!"#$%&'()* - . 0 2 46  ` ^WN̙f` ^WNff3` 999MMM` ^WNf` ff33` ff33` ^WN̙f>?" dd@(?zdd@ y x@" `  n?" dd@   @@``@n?" dd@  @@``PR   @ ` ` p>> ^V(    C XA@C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\JavaBack.jpg  s *Th 0`  T Click to edit Master title style! !   c $i @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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PP   r  S ; ` p    070 pj VDr. Tim Margush Department of Mathematics and Computer Science The University of AkronW(2WH  0޽h ? ^WNff3  h( $@ hl h C t=0`   l h C >@  H h 0޽h ? ^WNff3L  l(  ll l C A0`   l l C A   l l C TB8 @  H l 0޽h ? ^WNff3  t(  tl t C v0`  v r t S $-@ v H t 0޽h ? ^WNff3   p(  pl p C D-0`   l p C -@  H p 0޽h ? ^WNff3  @|( ^WN |l | C -0`  - l | C $-@ - H | 0޽h ? ^WNff3  `( zu l  C -0`  - l  C D-@ - H  0޽h ? ^WNff3  ( v\ l  C -0`  - l  C $-@ - H  0޽h ? ^WNff3  (  l  C -0`  - l  C -@ - H  0޽h ? ^WNff3  (  l  C -0`  / l  C $-@ / H  0޽h ? ^WNff3   ( ķ,wzDw  l  C -0`  / l  C d-@ / H  0޽h ? ^WNff3   ( '  l  C $e/0`  / l  C e/@ / H  0޽h ? ^WNff3    (  l  C g/0`  / l  C dg/@ / H  0޽h ? ^WNff3   @(  l  C h/0`  / l  C Di/@ / H  0޽h ? ^WNff3   `(  l  C v0`   l  C tv@  H  0޽h ? ^WNff3  (  l  C 480`  v l  C 8@ v H  0޽h ? ^WNff3    : ( '  X"  0 "  nA,Light upward diagonalP  l  C p0`  v   6Tqp 7Counter  0 vpp  S UpCounter     0Tv  @ RRollOver    0vpp  S LimitedUp     0Tv `  XWarningCounter  0&v  V UpSetCounter     04$vp 0  W LimitedUpSkip   64!vp  XLimitedCounterj  BGHI  d"  <H^I  j  BG7HI7p @ HZGH@I p @ HZGH@I p @ HZGH@I p  HZG(BHI(B88p  0!v `  BAbstract Classes 2  <T?ԔpP W UpDownCounter j  BG8HI8p D  0 @  APackage Classes 2H  0޽h ?      ^WNff3 0 ?7(  R  3    =  C 4A @   _Files are tagged as part of a package by using the package name in the first line of the java source file. The files must also be placed in a subdirectory whose name matches the package name. The JDK uses the ClassPath environment setting to locate packages. Package names are appended to the directories specified in ClassPath to locate the class files. The simplest way to do this is to place the files for package X in a subfolder of the current directory. Client classes may use classes in package X by explicitly naming them (X.classname) or by importing the package (import X.* or import X.classname).bYt c  6 H  0޽h ? ̙33$ 0 t(  R  3      C t v @   nTo create a hierarchy, we begin with a class declaration that is too general to be of any good. It does serve to implement some methods shared by all counters and to require all counters to have a count method. The abstract class is declared public so a class variable of type Counter can be created. It can refer to objects of any subclass type that can be created.H  0޽h ? ̙33C 0 (  R  3    v  C - @   There are other options here - in general, instance variables are private. If we make theCount private, we will have to use a non-private method to change it. setCount fills the need, but makes it awkward to increment theCount (setCount(getCount()+1 instead of theCount++) tV @ 2 H  0޽h ? ̙33x 0 800( p@d@ R  3    6  C - @   The constructors are protected so they can be accessed by subclasses. There is no need for a public constructor for this class as no Counter objects can be constructed (it is an abstract class).H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 P[(  R  3    -  C - @  - i)getCount, reset, and count are required to be public methods and are inherited by all subclasses. If a subclass is not abstract, it must implement count. setCount is left protected. Subclasses might expose this to the public, or leave it alone, in which case the clients cannot access this method.$ H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 pp(  R  3    -  C d- @  - ~6He Limited Counter is still abstract. It simply adds a limiting value for the Counter class. SubClass constructors always call the parent class constructor. If you do not include such a call (super(constructor args)), a call is automatically made to the parent s default constructor.,] lFH  0޽h ? ̙33* 0 z(  R  3    -  C - @  - tUsable counters will extend one of these abstract counters by adding an implementation for the public count method. H  0޽h ? ̙33p 0 0((  R  3    -.  C d- @  - This pair of counters has no limit (other than the natural one imposed by the choice of int as the datatype used to store the count). ,X H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 ZR(  R  3    /X  C D- @  / These counters extend the LimitedCounter. The limit is checked so counting will change the count towards the limit. The count method does nothing when the internal counter has reached the limit.H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 1(  R  3    /  C d/ @  / ?The RollOver/Under counters also extent the LimitedCounter class. Their counting behavior is only slightly different from the LimitedUp/Down counters. When the limit is reached, the counter automatically resets on the next count.> C _H  0޽h ? ̙33J  0  ( i  R  3    /  C f/ @  / NThe WarningCounter counts up to a limit value and then throws an exception on the next count. An exception class is needed to support this user defined exception type It would be possible to implement this as a subclass of LimitedCounter directly, but by subclassing LimitedUp, we can see how a method can be overridden by a subclass.>;H  0޽h ? ̙33~  0 >60(   R  3    /<  C h/ @  / Throwing an exception is accomplished by instantiating an object representing the exception. These objects are subclassed from the RunTimeException class. In this case, the constructor allows an error message to be inserted in the object via the parent s constructor. If this exception is not  caught , a fatal error occurs and the error message is displayed on the screen. Since this exception is only related to counters, it is declared inside the package.,o  8H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 Pj(  R  3    /  C j/ @  / xThis is another extension of the LimitedUp counter. The constructor requires an increment value and count is overridden to count by the skip value. Notice how the parent s count() method is called (super.count()) to avoid going past the limitValue. Since LimitValue is private (to LimitedCounter) and there is no way to determine its value (except to ask if theCount is equal to it via isAtLimit()), we have to resort to this inefficient method of counting to avoid exceeding the limitValue.!   ?  U H  0޽h ? ̙33 0 pP(  R  3    v  C 6 @  v ^This counter adds the ability to set the counter value to any int using the setCount method. This method is already defined in Counter, but is declared as protected. This class changes the access to public (you may widen the access, but you may not restrict it more than the parent s). Since setCount is already defined, we call it to accomplish the setCount action. We could directly set theCount = newCount, but if we change the implementation of Counter class, this method might breakt>  1  PH  0޽h ? ̙33 0 zrP (  R  3    x  C #v @   The root class, Counter defines the basic instance variables and methods common to all subclasses. LimitedCounter adds an instance variable to keep track of the counter s limit value. The various concrete classes add a count method that distinguishes between counters. The LimitedUpSkip counter adds another instance variable to hold the counter s increment value. UpDownCounter illustrates subclassing a class in a package with a new class declared outside the package.PcN DH  0޽h ? ̙33 0  ( P R  3    v  C 7 @  v .zThe UpDown counter class is declared outside the package. This illustrates subclassing a package class with a non-package class. Methods and variables with package scope cannot be seen by this class. The call to the super constructor requires it be available (even though it is not mentioned by name). Omitting theprotected access specifier from UpCounter s constructor causes a compile error here. The count method is inherited from UpCounter so it is not mentioned here. The unCount method accesses theCount directly - possible since it is declared with protected scope. @    L ! @H  0޽h ? ̙33r`J90?@*3 CEGKJMOQ~S^U>Wqv;y|AsYZvȓ\N^p~bx`:p6bOh+'0lRxH \h   Aroma 3: Class HierarchyiInheritance Issuesa Tim Margush,Class notes for 3460:289 ST:Java, Fall 19987C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Javaxx.pot Tim Margush10 Microsoft PowerPointoso@?-@>߽@n$gGPoM  P('& &&#TNPPp0v & TNPP &&TNPP     'A x(xʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwwݼݽݼݼ޼ݼݼݽݽݽݽݼݽݼݼݼݼݼݼݽ޼ݽݽݼݼݼݼݼݽݽݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼ޼ݼݼ޼ݼݼݼݽ÷ݽݽݼݼݼݼ޼ݼݼݼݼݼݼ޼ݽݽޓݼݼݽݽݼݼñ޽ý񽷓ݼݼ޼ݽݽݼݽݼݽޔݼݽÓuootoݽý޽ýݼݼݽݼݼݽݼݽݼݼݼݽݼݼݼݼݼݽݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݽ޼ݼݼ޽ݼݼݼݽ޼ݼݽݼݼݼݼݼݽݽ޽޼޼ݼݼݼݼݽݽýݼ޼ݽݽݽ޼ݽݼݼݽݽݽޔtݼ޼޼ݼݼݽ޼ݼݼݼ޼ݽݽüuݼݼ޽t޼ݼݽ޼޽ݽݼݼݽ޽޼⽼ݽݽ޽ݽޓݼݽ޽ݽݼ޼ݽüݽ޼޼⽽ݽݽݽݼݼݼݼݼݽݽݽݼݼݼ޼ݼݼ޼ݽݼݼݼݼݼݼݽݼݼݼݽݼݼݼݽݽݼ㔽޼ݼ޼ݽݼݽݼݼ޼ݼݽݼݽ⽽޼ݽݽݼݼ޼޽ݽ޼޼ݼݼݽ޼ݼݼuݼݽ½ݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼݼ޼޽ݼݼݼݼݼݽ޽޽ݼݼݼݼݼޔݽ޼ݽݼݼݼ޽ݽݽݼ޽޽”޽޽޽޽޽޽޽޽޽޽񽽽޽޽޽޽޽񷔓޽ޔ޽޽޽޽tý޼޼޽ýý񽔓޽½޽޽޽tý㓔޽޽޽ý޽޽޽޽ý޽޽޽޽޽޽޽ݼ½޽޽޽޽ýJJJ޽޽޽m###D#DssDJD###$#"J޽##$#*#####DK޽D*#*#$#$##"nJCD޽޽n$#$#$)E#$$#޽#*#$)$$)D#)$#޽n$#$####CDC޽J#$JW*s޽#*D1/##f7_J޽ݽ޽#E⼵sDJýtKn޽޽CsmKuMSoݽ""üJELuLuL޽nDݡnJLMMSMDݽֵff##m޽ֶֻ#"`CÒޘ޽ɯ޽޽ȧ޽޶iý㓽޽ý޽u "--&TNPP &՜.+,D՜.+,     4On-screen ShowUniversity of Akronj Times New Roman Arial BlackTahomaMonotype SortsArial Javaxx.pot7Aroma 3: Class Hierarchy, Inheritance and PolymorphismCounter PackageCounter Root ClassInstance Variables ConstructorsMethodsA Limited Counter ClassLimitedCounter is AbstractReal Simple CountersReal Limited CountersReal Rollover CountersWarning CounterCounterException ClassLimitedUpSkip CounterUpSetCounter ClassUpDownCounter ClassThe Counter Hierarchy  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles$em  5    _PID_GUID TemplateType GraphicType Compression ScreenSize ScreenUsage MailAddress HomePage Other DownloadOriginal DownloadIEButton UseBrowserColor BackColor TextColor LinkColor VisitedColorTransparentButton ButtonType ShowNotes NavBtnPos OutputDirAN{DA8B2F80-4C38-11D2-91FE-006008B82591}Fmargush@uakron.edua"http://www.cs.uakron.edu/~margushanjClass Notes for ST:Java Tim Margush Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Akronm   f3 C:\WINDOWS\DESKTOP\Java#_㺲 bTim Margush !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures?Current UserSummaryInformation(zRPowerPoint Document( ޲DocumentSummaryInformation8Root EntrydO)`7@Pictures?Current User+SummaryInformation(zR#_㺲 Tim Margush